Report on Classroom Observation Essay

Presentation Internship instructing is the finishing experience of the principal degree program in training. It gives the chance to apply hypothetical information on teaching methods in the real homeroom setting and addition the experience. The internees are presented to a domain where they experience students just because and face them with large number of thoughts, approaches, methods and procedures. During the temporary job time frame I got sufficient chances to show the specialty of instructing in genuine circumstance and take an interest in all exercises at the school level. The term of entry level position was one semester. I attempted to play out the allocated duties in Azimpur Girl’s School and College under the immediate administration and control of the heads of particular school and under the oversight of two subject-managers and a school co-organizer, appointed by Institute of Education and Research, University of Dhaka. Point Teaching is in the inside with respect to every single instructive issue. So as an understudy of Institute of Education and Research, we ought to have an involvement with instructing at the field level. Before beginning encouraging eye to eye it causes a training educator to familiarize themselves with the procedure, strategy for instructing in the event that they watch a class of a specific level before entering in a class as an instructor. I have watched 3 science classes of evaluation 8. I have examined those classes and gave a concise portrayal of one of the classes beneath. Azimpur Girl’s School and College Class: 8Sec: B Time: 11. 45-12. 25 Date: 29. 08. 05 Period: second About the exercise The class was on physical science on â€Å"Work, Power and Energy†. The exercise contains conversation about the accompanying subjects: 1) Work and the numerical articulation of work 2) Different kinds of work 3) Power Description I needed to watch the physical science class of Md. Shamsul Alam sir. I was holding up before his study hall. At the point when he came I inquired as to whether he could give me the consent to watch his class. He instructed me to sit in the class. At the point when the educator entered the class all the students’ stood up and when he advised them to sit, they took their sits. From the outset he pronounced the exercise. At that point he began his talk by relating the exercise with down to earth encounters. At that point he demonstrated the numerical articulation operating at a profit board. He clarified the various sorts of work and to do so he dropped the duster from his hand thus additionally took a book higher from the work area. Presently he told that if any understudy is progressively inquisitive to find out about this he could experience the course reading of higher auxiliary level, yet this is satisfactory to record in the test paper. At that point he asked the class â€Å"what is power? † one of the understudies replied. He concurred with him. At that point he talked about on the unit of intensity. From that point forward, he talked about with the understudies on vitality, its unit and various types of vitality. He now and then asked a few models and the students’ took an interest. While proceeding with the class he likewise advised understudies to co administrator with me. He left the class before the due an ideal opportunity to let me present myself in the class. I conversed with the class about their group times, schedule, side interests and so on when the ringer rang for the following class, I left the room. Fundamental highlights of the exercise watched: A. Physical offices: †¢ Location of the class: The class is in the second floor in the primary school building. †¢ Shape of the class: The state of the homeroom is practically square. †¢ Doors and windows: All the windows are in the correct side of the class and the main entryway is in the left half of the room. The entryway isn't a lot of roomy. †¢ Students’ seat and table: Every 23 understudies sit in a seat. The seat and the composing table are consolidated. There is a long wooden string in each different sides of seat. There are segments and each section has columns with just one seat. There are 4 segments and 5 columns of seats in the study hall. The seats are not so much blocked. Understudies have space to effortlessly move. †¢ Blackboard: The chalkboard is placed in the mass of the class. It isn't compact however fixed. It isn't in the front divider. So the entirety of the understudies can't see effectively what is written in the board. †¢ Lighting and ventilation: The normal lighting isn't exactly satisfactory for the class. The cross ventilation isn't accessible in the study hall. †¢ Provision of counterfeit lighting and ventilation: There are 4 electric fans and lights in the class. Yet, this isn't exactly sufficient for the room. As there is no generator in the school and force disappointment being a typical issue, at times understudies face issues as they experience the ill effects of the blistering summer and can't think to their exercises. There is another issue of the fake lighting as it is reflected in the slate and the front right half of the class can't see the correct corner of the board. †¢ Teachers table and seat: The wooden seat and table are in the front side of the class. The table is open yet its drawers are not really portable. The seat is alright as we should use in not for quite a while to stay there while instructing. †¢ Color of the class: The shades of the dividers are white yet blur. It ought to be more splendid. †¢ Other furnishings: There are no other furniture with the exception of the previously mentioned work area and seats for the understudies and the seat and table. B. Assessment of the teacher’s capability: †¢ Dress up: His spruce up was reasonable for the class. †¢ Teaching technique: His instructing strategy is acceptable. At the point when he was working out the issues, he approached the understudies for its conceivable arrangement. It shows that he applied the participatory methodology. In some cases he feels the requirement for reviewing. So he requested that the understudies record the significant notes. He relates his decrease with reality. He enlightened the understudies concerning he gathering of issues which had a proportionate arrangement and afterward turned out to be a couple from that gathering of issues. †¢ Teaching materials: He utilized no other showing material aside from the slate. †¢ Learning condition: He learning condition was come and very which was evident for science exercise. In any case, nature was not dread free in view of his method of discipline. †¢ Use of showing materials: Except the board he didn't utilize some other instructing material. †¢ Use of writing board: He utilized the chalkboard conveniently. His works were decipherable and could be seen from even the last seat. He likewise didn't stand corresponding to the board making the understudies confronting his back, however stand making point with the board. In any case, he didn't take a gander at the understudies while composing on the writing slate and the understudies exploited for side talking. Before leaving the class he cleaned the load up. †¢ Students’ inclusion and interest: Students’ association and support isn't high. In addition the vast majority of the members the customary great understudies. †¢ Classroom addressing: After completing an issue, he empowered homeroom addressing. Be that as it may, to stimulate intrigue he didn't posed any inquiry to the understudies. †¢ Punishment and prize: His amount of remunerations was not exactly the amount of discipline. In addition his method of discipline sometimes fell short for to the youngster brain science. †¢ Classroom control: His study hall controlling force is extremely solid. No understudy upset in the class while he gave his exercise. Just barely any understudies talked in the class while he was utilizing the writing board. He utilized a decent procedure while calling the rolls. †¢ Teacher understudy relationship: Teacher understudy relationship isn't agreeable, however inauspicious. He kept up a major separation with them. Understudies feared him. The instructor was mindful yet not candid. †¢ Way of communicating: He clarified the means of the arrangement obviously to the understudies with light-footed articulation. †¢ Expertise in his specific exercise: He had a decent skill regarding his matter. He can respond to the students’ questions demonstrating his intelligence and he had other information identified with his subject past the course reading. †¢ Beginning of the exercise: He didn’t make a particular inspiration for the exercise. Be that as it may, his beginning was very acceptable. †¢ Class work perception: He watched the given class by strolling and viewing the exercises of the understudies entering the sections between the segments. He likewise gave singular input to certain understudies. He didn't gather the class work duplicates from the understudies. †¢ Home work: He gave schoolwork toward the finish of the class and toward the start of the class gathered the schoolwork duplicates. He remedied each duplicate and gave back the duplicates that day. Be that as it may, he didn't give any criticism as per schoolwork. †¢ Wittiness: Hardly ever he made reasonable entertaining circumstance in the class making the understudies chuckle. In any case, clearly it is identified with the exercise. He utilized some various words in the class, similar to he said that on the off chance that anybody feels any torment in his psyche implying that in the event that they had comprehended the theme. †¢ Voice and tone: His voice is appropriate for the class. It very well may be gotten notification from the last seat. The changing tone of his voice makes some uncommon circumstances or consideration in the class which is something dire. †¢ Confidence: His face, conduct, talking shows that he is sure, sure about his mastery and controlling force. It is demonstrated from the circumstance when understudies ask him inquiries and he replied in a brilliant manner. †¢ Punctuality: He was dependable. He began the class at the opportune time and completed before 5 minutes for me to acquaint myself with the class. †¢ Discipline: The understudies were taught all through his group time. †¢ Cleanliness: He keeps up tidiness in each progression. C. Qualities of the instructor: †¢ Good controlling control over the class. †¢ Appropriate voice and adaptable tone †¢ Tries to relate the exercise to regular day to day existence. †¢ Maintains the standards of utilizing chalkboard. �

Bombardier Cseries Essay

Combined with BBD’s maturing innovation, intense overall occasions, and rising appealing open doors in the local planes advertise, BBD has been dependent upon furious overall rivalry and most forcefully from Brazil (Embraer). By what method would bombardier be able to recover authority in the all inclusive serious traveler airplane business? 2. Examination 2. 1 External Environment Analysis Politically and lawfully, governments had consistently upheld air transportation by protecting national producers against rivalry and financing their innovative work ventures. Somewhat, remote rivalry required the mediation of the World Trade Organization to control hostile to dumping arrangements. Governments additionally engaged in building up natural guidelines to control the harming impacts of air transportation on the earth. The deregulation of the airplane business in the mid-1990s prompted a socio-social change in consumer’s inclination from high solace level to bring down costs. The last pushed aircraft organizations to look for ease transporters to decrease costs. Monetarily, aircraft transporters received adaptable money related models with makers to fulfill fluctuating airplanes need and build up the business further. Innovatively, carrier producers concentrated on enhancing their center capabilities through R;amp;D and accomplished economies of scale by re-appropriating plane sections to providers and creating key associations with subcontractors. As the table shows, contention among contenders has the most noteworthy impact on the traveler aeronautic trade. The moderate impact would be the haggling intensity of providers, Bargaining intensity of purchaser, and danger of new participants since the avionic business is amazingly traditionalist as far as producer adequacy and moving towards being condition well disposed. With respect to danger of replacement, it has the least impact since air transport is quicker and more effective than rail, street, or water methods of transport. Be that as it may, it is imperative to consider rapid trains as a danger for local corresponding flights as clients could appreciate lower passages, comfort (versus the problem of air terminals), and an alternate encounter. As a rule, the traveler avionic business has high potential expect for the nearness of contention among contenders that keep it very hard to achieve. 2. 2 Internal authoritative investigation A) Tangible Resources - Financial assets: BBD’s financing depends on rent financing that is upheld by duties from potential clients and providers. Display 15 demonstrates negative Revenue to Working Capital proportion in 2004 (CSeries reported) and 2006

Traditional Essay Topics That Will Help Your College Essay

Traditional Essay Topics That Will Help Your College EssayTraditional essay topics are incredibly important to writing an essay for college. It is something that you should do well and you should make sure that you get it right. That is why you need to follow this guideline to have an essay topic that is right for you. Here is a list of the best essay topics that you should work on.These are very general topics but you can mix them up as you see fit. The subjects that you can add to vary from year to year. Remember, one that was good in college might not be so good now. The reason why is because the situations are different so you need to think about what the situation is like today and then add some of these subjects into your essay.This subject is also one that you can throw in whenever you see fit. It is a very broad subject and will always have something to say. You can still change the wording as you go along but you can also mix and match different types of subjects that may be very general with a more specific one.This is one of the more specific topics that you can use for your college essay. This topic is very broad and will always have something to say in many different ways. You can mix in this subject throughout your essay or just focus on one section.This is another very interesting topic. You can also throw in this one whenever you see fit but the thing to remember is that it will be very broad and can fit into any topic. You will want to keep this one straight throughout the entire essay so you do not end up saying too much. However, it will be very helpful to your essay.This is a very interesting topic that you can use when your topic is broad. This is a very good topic to throw in whenever you have a basic question to answer. This one is also very broad, so you can bring it into other topics when you see fit.This is another broad topic that you can use when your topic is one that is too broad. It is not something that is going to help you too m uch but it will give you something to focus on when you are struggling with something. You will find that this topic can also be used in a more general sense with other topics that you write about.These are the types of essay topics that you should consider writing. They all have different directions but they will all make your essay goes a little bit better. You should always write well even if you are not so good at this but you should make sure that you take these topics and put them to good use. You can add one to your resume or hire someone to write one for you.

The Flaws and Shortcomings of African Historiography Essay

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Homosexuality - Nature or Nurture Essay - 2535 Words

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The American Dream Of African Americans - 1400 Words

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Project Management for Willowbrook School -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theProject Management for Willowbrook School. Answer: Strategic planning for development of information system within the Willowbrook School is defined as a procedure that helps in creating a portfolio that is basically dependent on the utilization of information system for achieving the organizational goals as well as objectives. Strategic planning is generally done in organizations for ensuring that the information system is helpful in accomplishing the goals and also helps in gaining competitive advantage. The strategic planning is helpful in establishing proper realistic goals and objectives related with mission and vision of the organization. It generally helps in providing a base with which the progress can be measured easily. The Willowbrook School can easily manage the increased enrollments as well as other operation of the school quite properly after the development of information system. Preliminary investigation is required to be done before the development of the information system and it is considered as one of the first step in the system development project. It is defined as one of the way with which the requests of the users are handled for enhancing as well as improving the operation of the organization. The system investigation generally includes the following: Understanding the problem: It is quite important to understand the problem of the organization so that significance of current system can be identified for making modifications within the existing operation. Defining scope and constraints: The scope as well as constraints of the project must be defined in order provide clear idea about the project. Performing fact finding: This technique must be performed for collecting proper information with the help of the new information system in the school. Analyzing cost, benefit as well as usability: It is quite important to analyze the data of the project in order to estimate the cost, benefit as well as usability of the system properly. Evaluating feasibility: The feasibility study of the information system is very much important for ensuring that the project can be easily handled by the users. Providing recommendations: Proper recommendation must be provided in order to estimate the time as well as cost of project development. Conducting fact-finding The lists of people who are interviewed are provided below: Director (Victoria Owens) Principal (Kathy Gillard) Vice Principal (Susan brown) Administrative assistant (Michelle Madrid) Full time teachers Part time teachers Financial committee Various fact finding techniques are as follows: Research: this fact finding technique is utilized for examining the problem that is previously solved by other sources. Questionnaires: This fact finding technique is utilized for collecting information from large number of users of the Willowbrook School. Interviews: Interview is one of the techniques that is utilized for collecting information from face to face interviews. The interview is utilized for finding, verifying as well as clarifying requirements for developing information system. Prototyping: This fact-finding technique helps in collecting the various requirements facts of the system. Affect on the information system by internal and external system The external factors that affect the information system development include social, political, economical as well as technological whereas the internal factors like funding, investment opportunities,, physical resource, presence of resources as well as facilities affect the development of the information system It is identified that internal factor affect the development of information system more in comparison to external factors because if Willowbrook School does not arrange the equipments, funding, resources properly then the implementation of the information system will not be possible. In order to implement the information system it is very much significant to organize the funding as well as resources for the project properly for making it successful. List of recommendations The lists of recommendations that are quite important for development of the information system for the Willowbrook School are as follows: Proper security System: Proper security must be provided so that sensitive data should not be misused. Software license: Proper software licensing is present so that all the applications related with the information system must run on the system. Technical support: Proper technical equipment as well as support must be present in order to develop the information system for the Willowbrook School. Bibliography Alston, P., Knuckey, S. (Eds.). (2016).The transformation of human rights fact-finding. Oxford University Press. Cassidy, A. (2016).A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press. Gordon, K., Pohl, J., Bouchard, M. (2014). Investment Treaty Law, Sustainable Development and Responsible Business Conduct: A Fact Finding Survey. Kalyva, A. E., Vagia, E. C., Konstandopoulos, A. G., Srinivasa, A. R., T-Raissi, A., Muradov, N., Kakosimos, K. E. (2017). Particle model investigation for the thermochemical steps of the sulfurammonia water splitting cycle.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,42(6), 3621-3629. Wolf, C., Floyd, S. W. (2017). Strategic planning research: Toward a theory-driven agenda.Journal of Management,43(6), 1754-178

The Internet Essays - Cultural Globalization, Digital Technology

The Internet Abstract The Internet is a source of more information then most of us know. In this report I highlight some of my favorite things. Also, I highlight some of the things that we as users and buyers need to be cautious of before using. What is the Internet? What comes to a your mind when they think of the Internet? Well, I will tell you what used to come to my mind. When I thought of the Internet, I thought of x-rated Web pages and chat rooms. I envisioned a medium that was so full of disgusting and perverted pictures that parents needed a "cybersitter" to make sure that their children did not get into the Web pages that they were not supposed to. I thought this was the way it was because that is what I had heard about, but I'm a experimental type person and decided to investigate for myself what was really on the Internet. What I found surprised me greatly, for although there are a lot of things that a person would not want their children to see or read, a person has to intentionally search out these things to find them. When you compare the wealth of information you can retrieve off the Internet, it is worth the effort that it takes to make it where children can work on the computer without fear of them being exposed t! o something they should not. One way to make it safer for your children and teens is done when you origianly sign up with your Internet provider. What you do is turn on teen access only, or children acess only, but since nothing is foolproof, keep the computer in a open spot where the you can always see what is going on, for supervision is always the best solution. What does the Internet do? That is a concise question with a broad answer. The facts show that the Internet does nothing. We travel through it to get to our destination ,but we do not use it as itself. It is a tool in our human communications capability. In my research the article compared the Internet to the telephone system, and said that it was similar to our Interstate highway System. The Internet extends the reach of people so that ideas and services can be exchanged, but this does not happen by itself. The Internet is actually a global network of networks. Millions of computers are able to share information with each other using the telephone lines. In fact, the Internet links at least 3 million computers at any one time, and that does not count the people logging on just to surf the net. It only counts the institutions providing some type of Internet service, or information sharing programs. How did the Internet begin? I thought this was interesting. The Internet began like most things in our society, that is to say that it was started by the government. The Internet started out as a experimental military network in the 60's. It then expanded to other governmental agencies and then to higher education. Now the Internet is well known all over the world, for just about anywhere you go, people know what the Internet is. Not everyone knows what to do with the Internet, but most know what it is. Now, unlike a few years ago, the Internet is accessible to just about anyone with a computer. The individual needs only a modem, but they also needs internet access to be connected. At this point it would be good to distinguish between Internet providers and commercial services providing Internet access. As I mentioned before the Internet started with the government and spread to education. These two groups comprised the bulk of the Internet until the late 1980's when companies began linking to the Internet. So a University or Government agency that provides internet access to their students and employees are providing what is considered full Internet access. They do not pay for their Internet access it is part of their studies and employment. On the other hand, the average Joe can get hooked online through a commercial service such as America online, prodigy, and other large communications company such as AT&T and GTE. These companies provide Internet access that is much mo! re user friendly, and was designed with the consumer in mind. One thing I forgot to mention, is that before you can be connected to an online service

The Existence of Audit Expectation Gap Essays

The Existence of Audit Expectation Gap Essays The Existence of Audit Expectation Gap Essay The Existence of Audit Expectation Gap Essay The study investigates the existence of audit expectation gap in relation to society’s unreasonable expectations out of auditing in Bangladesh. This also identified the effects of auditing knowledge on the gap. Among all the classes of our society the accounting graduates are expected to have more knowledge on auditing, who represented 60% proxy of the users.For the purpose of the study, the four groups who are chosen as sample users are: (1) General investors (naive) (2) Students not completing any audit course (3) Students completing two (2) courses (Audits III) (IV) Articled students either level I or level II. The questionnaire comprised of two parts, were sent regarding three aspects: audit liability, audit reliability and materiality of audit opinion. It is found that the respondent who are closer to auditing concepts expect reasonably out of the auditors than the others. The knowledge in the respective fields affected the expectations both positi vely and negatively.Keywords: Expectation gap; audit liability; audit reliability; materiality of audit opinion; audit knowledge. Introduction: â€Å"Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria: Auditing should be done by a competent and independent third person† (Arens and Loebbecke 1988). The auditor in an audit opinion, certifies that the financial statements represent a true and fair view and are prepared in accordance with GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principle) followed by the industry.The collapse of Lehman Brothers, an American bank with $691 billion in 15th September of 2008 along with subsequent bankruptcy of Washington Mutual Bank [$327. 9 billion] in September 26, 2008; General Motor [$91 billion] and CIT Group [$71 billion] in 2009 put the auditing profession and auditing itself into a severe challenge. Auditors’ pru dent person concept or underperformance of the auditors and society’s over expectation individually or simultaneously result into audit expectation gap. Objectives of the Study Regarding Perpetual Expectation Gap: Expectation Gap was termed by Liggio in 1974 for the first time.Since then it is the significant differences regarding perceived materiality level between auditors and users of financial statements. The AICPA acknowledged the fact that -‘after considerable study of available evidence’ that ‘such a gap does exist’ (Cohen commission Report, AICPA 1978). From the subsequent definition provided by Arrington et al (1983), Monroe and Woodcliff 1993, the two major component was identified by Porter (1983 and 1993): (i)’reasonableness gap’ and (ii)’performance gap’.Reasonableness gap is the difference between what the society does expect the auditors to achieve and what they can reasonably expect to accomplish. Thus poin t of unreasonable expectation comes. Performance gap is the difference between the responsibilities society reasonably expects out of audit and auditors’ performance. These gap widens as the role of audit increases. Now this study proceeds to answer the questions- who are the users feeling their expectations are not met and are those expectations reasonable in Bangladesh perspective? The study further tended to discover the impact of audit knowledge in reducing or increasing the gap.It is evident that more knowledgeable the users the closer gap. Reasonably naive investors are expected to seek more from audit report. Literature Review: From the birth of expectation gap, several studies have been conducted by the concerned specialists around the world. The findings were also centered to perpetual expectation gap however this was wider in some cases. In 1977, Baron et al investigated the differences in perceptions between auditors users of financial statement regarding auditorà ¢â‚¬â„¢s fraud detection duties revealed significant differences.In 1988, low et al conducted a study on audit expectation gap found difference in the area of fraud prevention, guaranteeing the accuracy of the financial statements, effective use of government funds management efficiency. In1992 1993, Humphery et al conducted a study regarding auditors’ role through a series of unstructured interviews, questionnaires mini case studies revealed insignificant differences audit functions but significant differences in regard to role of auditors.In June 2004, Javed Siddiqui Taslima Nasreen conducted a study â€Å"Audit expectation gap in Bangladesh: Perceptual differences between Accounting professionals students† and found a significant audit expectation gap. (Journal of Business Studies, University of Dhaka) In December 2004 the above specialist along with Al-amin conducted another study named â€Å"The Presence of a Reasonableness Gap? Students’ Perceptio ns Regarding Audit and the Role of Audit Education in Bangladesh† (Journal of Business Studies,Vol. xxv, No. 2, December2004) and concluded somehow differently like –Knowledgeable students expected more unreasonably out of auditing.Methodology of the study: For the purpose of the study, the questionnaire method was applied . The questionnaire method despite its inherent shortcomings chosen appropriate for this study. Here four groups were selected. 20 questionnaires were sent to investors who are in general naive. Similar questionnaires were sent to 10 professionals who are under knowledge or Application level, to 10 students of Dept. of Accounting Information Systems (AIS), University of Dhaka (DU) who have just completed two Audit courses and another 10 questionnaires were sent to students who have no idea under same discipline.The issue of perceptions regarding audit is about measuring attitudes. For the purpose of this study, the seven-point Likert scale was used. P rior studies have used the Likert scale for measuring the audit expectation gap in different countries (for example Schelluch 1996; Best et al 2001 etc. ) The response scale used for this study was- 1. Strongly agree 2. Moderately agree 3. Slightly agree 4. No opinion 5. Slightly disagree 6. Moderately disagree 7. Strongly disagree Strongly agree Strongly disagree 1. An auditor is a watchdog, not a bloodhound. 1234567 2.Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 1234567 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. 1234567 4. Auditing exists only because of legal binding. 1234567 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control1234567 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. 1234567 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 1234567 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. 1234567 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 234567 10. The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 1234567 Analysis and Findings: Survey Analysis: Assessment Point-1: â€Å"The auditor is a watchdog, not a bloodhound† ‘Watchdog means a person or a group of people whose job is to check that companies are not doing anything illegal or ignoring people’s rights’ (www. oup. com) Bloodhound means person or group of people who find any inconsistency regarding the concerned areas. The BSAs contain objectives, requirements application and other explanatory material that are designed to support the auditor in obtaining reasonable assurance.The BSAs require that the auditor exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the planning and performance of the audit among other things: ? Identify and assess risks of material misstatement, whether due to fraud error, based on an understanding of the entity its environment, including the entity’s internal control. ?Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about whether material misstatement exists, through designing and implementing appropriate responses to the assessed risks. From an opinion on the financial statements based on conclusions drawn from the audit evidence obtained. (BSA 200; Para-7) Therefore it is evident that this statement contributes to gap between auditors users of financial statement. Assessment Point-2: The Auditors are responsible for Audit failure, not for audit risk. Audit failure occurs when the auditor issues an erroneous audit opinion as the result of an underlying failure to comply with the requirements of generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS).Audit risk represents the risk that the auditor will conclude that the financial statements are fairly stated and an unqualified opinion can be issued when, in fact, they are materially misstated. Because auditors are able to gather evidence only on a test basis detecting well-concealed frauds can be ex tremely difficult, there is always some risk that the auditor will not uncover a uncover a material fraud even though the auditor complied with GAAS. (Arens Loebbecke) So, the statement affects audit expectations gap. Assessment Point-3: ‘The auditor is responsible for detecting all the fraud’.BSA 200, â€Å"Objective and General Principles Governing and Audit of Financial Statements,† clearly states the objectives of an audit- The objective of an audit of financial statements is to enable the auditor to express an opinion whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an identified financial reporting framework. An audit conducted in accordance with BSAs is designed to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements taken as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether caused by fraud or error. (Paragraph 2, BSA 200)Assessment Point-4: â€Å"Audit exists only because of legal bindings†. Sect ion 210 of the Company Act, 1994 describes- ‘Every company shall, at each annual general meeting appoint an auditor or auditors to hold office from the conclusion of that meeting until the next annual general meeting and shall within seven days of the appointment, give intimation thereof to every auditor so appointed: Provided that, no person can be appointed auditor of any company unless his written consent has been obtained prior to such appointment or re-appointment. ’ The section seeks for statutory audit that must be complied.A twenty four (24) years study of Wanda A. Wallace on â€Å"The economic role of the Audit in free regulated market: A look back A look forward†, revealed that beyond legal requirement, the audit is very much significant. She clarified her argument from three (3) points of view- i) Stewardship hypothesis or Agency theory ii) Information Hypothesis iii) Insurance Hypothesis. Still 77% of the companies audit their financial statements. So it is expected to audit financial statements beyond legal bindings. Assessment Point-5: ‘The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control structure of the entity. â€Å"Internal control system† means all the policies and procedures (internal controls) adopted by the management of an entity to assist in achieving management’s objective of ensuring, as far as practicable, the orderly and efficient conduct of its business, including adherence to management policies, the safeguarding of asset , the prevention and detection of fraud and error ,the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records, and the timely preparation of reliable financial information (BSA 400). However, during the course of the audit, the auditor has to assess the entity’s internal control system in order to identify audit risk.Assessment Point-6: ‘The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. ’ It has been made clear that it is not the responsi bility of the auditor to prepare or to maintain the clients’ accounts. The audit report is also required to contain a paragraph specifying the responsibilities of the auditors-The report should include a statement that the financial statements are the responsibility of the entity’s management and a statement that the responsibility of the auditor is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on the audit (BSA700).Therefore, it affects the expectation gap as from naive point of view the statement seems accurate. Assessment Point-7: ‘The auditor is unbiased and objective. ’ Paragraph 1. 1 of the Code of Professional Ethics (2001) states – A professional accountant should be fair and should not allow prejudice or bias, conflict of interest or influence of others to override objectivity. Therefore, a society should reasonably expect the auditor to be unbiased objectivity. Assessment Point-8: ‘Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatement in financial statements. The primary objective of audit is to draw a conclusion on the fairness of the Financial Statements. The secondary objective is to detect errors and frauds. (BSA 200) The objective of an audit of financial statements is to enable the auditor to express an opinion as to whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework. The form the audit conclusion takes is that auditors state whether the financial statement give a true and fair view. This is an expression of reasonable assurance. ICAB Manual) BSA 200, specifying the objectives of audit clearly mentions that the auditors only provide reasonable assurance and not absolute assurance regarding the absence of material misstatements. Assessment point 9: ‘The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. ’ When the auditors express an opinion, they only g uarantee the absence of material misstatements and the conformance with accepted accounting practices. However, this is not an assurance regarding the future or current performance of the entity.As stated in BSA 200 Although the auditor’s opinion enhances the credibility of the financial statements, the user cannot assume that the opinion is an assurance as to the future viability of the entity nor the efficiency or effectiveness with which management has conducted the affairs of the entity. Assessment point 10: ‘The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. ’ As auditors provide opinion regarding true and fair representation of financial statements and therefore issue four types of audit report-(i) Standard unqualified Audit Report (ii) unqualified Audit Report (iii)Adverse Audit Report and (iv) No Report.In first and second cases the auditors agree with the accounting policies of the entity. Assessment point-11: ‘What do you expect from a udit report? ’ Naive (general) investors expect:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Professional under level i and level ii expect :†¦. Findings of the study: Table-1: Responses of naive (general) investors. Assessment pointsReasonableness scoreMeanDeviation 1. An auditor is a watchdog, not a bloodhound. 7. 002. 724. 28 2. Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 7. 004. 442. 56 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. . 004. 122. 88 4. Auditing exists only because of legal binding. 7. 006. 030. 97 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control7. 005. 361. 64 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. 7. 005. 571. 43 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 7. 005. 681. 32 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. 7. 005. 231. 77 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 7. 006. 800. 20 10.The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 7. 004. 392. 61 The table shows significant difference in the assessment point no: 1, 2,3,10. It reveals that naive investors seek or do believe auditor makes way for their decisions, i ,e; the general investors rely much on the auditors’ decision not critically analyzing the opinion but from a naive point of view. Table 2: Responses of Students not completing any audit course. Assessment pointsReasonableness scoreMeanDeviation 1. An auditor is a watchdog not a bloodhound. 7. 004. 092. 91 2.Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 7. 003. 193. 81 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. 7. 004. 922. 08 4. Auditing exists only because of legal binding. 7. 003. 773. 33 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control7. 005. 661. 44 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. 7. 006. 570. 43 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 7. 003. 923. 08 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. . 002. 414. 59 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 7. 004. 492. 51 10. The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 7. 004. 042. 96 The table shows that statistically significant differences exist from the view point of students having no audit idea in terms of the assessment point no: 2,3,4,8. It indicates that they expect unreasonably from the auditors regarding their responsibilities of detecting and preventing all frauds and also auditors’ agreement with the entity’s accounting policies.Table 3: Responses of Students completing two (2) courses (Audits III). Assessment pointsReasonableness scoreMeanDeviation 1. An auditor is a watchdog not a bloodhound. 7. 005. 641. 36 2. Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 7. 004. 982. 02 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. 7. 003. 873. 13 4 . Auditing exists only because of legal binding. 7. 005. 111. 89 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control7. 004. 892. 11 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. . 006. 010. 99 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 7. 004. 922. 08 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. 7. 004. 592. 41 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 7. 002. 594. 41 10. The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 7. 005. 581. 42 Table 3 presents the study results out of students who completed two audit courses. Significant gap was found in the point that audit report provides prediction of future performances of any entity.Again in detecting and preventing all fraud of any entity. In respect of some of the six audit threats, the auditors’ objectivity and neutrality was questioned resulting in some expectation gap. Table 4: Respons es of Articled students either level I or level II. Assessment pointsReasonableness scoreMeanDeviation 1. An auditor is a watchdog not a bloodhound. 7. 006. 810. 19 2. Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 7. 006. 800. 20 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. 7. 002. 024. 98 4. Auditing exists only because of legal binding. . 005. 241. 76 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control7. 005. 911. 09 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. 7. 000. 896. 11 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 7. 006. 870. 13 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. 7. 001. 315. 69 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 7. 004. 812. 19 10. The auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 7. 002. 114. 89The table shows the survey results from professional students who are from level I and level II of prof essional accountancy. Here the respondents were in line to set a expectation ceiling. Table -5: Showing the deviations between four respondent groups. Assessment pointsDeviation Table-1Deviation Table-2Deviation Table-3Deviation Table-4 1. An auditor is a watchdog not a bloodhound. 4. 282. 911. 360. 19 2. Auditor is responsible for audit failure, not for audit risk. 2. 563. 812. 020. 20 3. Auditor is responsible for detecting all fraud. 2. 882. 083. 134. 98 4. Auditing exists only because of legal binding. . 973. 331. 891. 76 5. The auditor is responsible for soundness in internal control1. 641. 442. 111. 09 6. The auditor is liable for maintaining accounting records. 1. 430. 430. 996. 11 7. The auditor is unbiased and objective. 1. 323. 082. 080. 13 8. Auditor should provide absolute assurance about the material misstatements in financial statements. 1. 774. 592. 415. 69 9. The audit report provides assurance about the entity’s future performance. 0. 202. 514. 412. 19 10. Th e auditor agrees with the accounting policies of the entity. 2. 612. 961. 424. 89We the group ‘CRYSTAL HEART’ conducted this study to address whether the perpetual audit expectation gap between the auditors and the users of financial statements is reasonable and how audit knowledge provided by Dept. of Accounting and Information Systems of University of Dhaka affected this gap. The study were mainly concentrated on identifying audit expectation gap in the areas of audit liability of the auditors, audit reliability from the viewpoint of naive (general) investors, students who have no audit knowledge or have taken at least two audit courses and professionals and materiality of audit report to them.The study revealed the presence of audit expectation gap in Bangladesh. In the area of auditors’ responsibilities the naive (general) investors putting the audit knowledge less students second in row expected much more i,e; unreasonably out of the auditors. The profession als’ responses indicated their responsibilities were defined in different standards. Another area of this study regarding audit reliability showed a wide gap from each of the four (4) respondent groups. As the auditors work on sampling base, and audit risk is subject to well-organized fraud from the past if the management.Also self-interest threat, review threats are still considerable, the gap in the sense of reliability comprised of a big portion. The other sector of the survey- audit report’s materiality revealed that the decision makers out of the society did not depend much on audit report i,e; the majority portion lacks analysis ability who constitute the expectation floor much away from the ceiling set by the audit assurance providers. Although almost significant portion of respondent considered audit report’s materiality contributing to widen the gap.We also found knowledge on auditing helps in some regard but not to the extent that professionals conside red. Conclusion: The study attempted on addressing audit expectation gap in Bangladesh. Further, it assessed whether and how much knowledge on the concerned field affects this gap. The students of University of Dhaka under Dept. of Accounting Information Systems and students under ICAB were proxied on behalf of the users, on the presumption that they are most knowledgeable among the society.The findings of the study reveals the existence of expectation gap, some how it is wider in some aspects and predict a much more gap in terms of the people of the society. It also indicated that so far the students go away from their courses they merge gradually with the general people that predict future expectation gap to be wider. So, future studies should concentrate on clarifying the riskiness of audit by identifying clear sectors of audit expectation gap.

Centripetal Force Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Centripetal Force - Lab Report Example t is made sure that the position of the cross arm and radial indicator allows the mass to hang directly over the indicator when the spring is released. The diameter of the shaft and the distance from the shaft to the indicator are then measured and recorded. Hand is then used to spin the shaft until the hanging weight passes directly over the indicator. With the radius held constant, the time taken by 50 revolutions is recorded. From this, frequency of the motion can be determined and hence centripetal force on the mass. To determine the actual force required to stretch the spring enough to hold the weight over the indicator, a string is connected to the mass and passed over to the pulley. Weights are then added to the end of the string until the mass is positioned over the indicator. The value of force obtained will be correct and can be used in calculating the uncertainty in the value of centripetal

Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Communications - Essay Example It serves as a communication therapy discussing three major themes in communication issues: indicators, findings, and therapy (Reich 153). As with everyone who experienced family talk, it is easy to see how it can go in circles. Family members argue about little trivial matters that sometimes merely started as normal conversations. We hear every single type of complaint like â€Å"she doesn’t like to apologize,† or â€Å"I didn’t do anything wrong so I shouldn’t say sorry,† or â€Å"mom always criticizes everything I do,† or â€Å"he doesn’t appreciate what I do.† (Tannen 5-6) Every single individual experienced times when they tried to say something good yet ended up being misunderstood. This is a commonplace happening, but usually harder when family members or people who are close to each other are involved (Noller and Fitzpatrick 17). It is like giving a person a gift of a nice scented-lotion and, instead of a â€Å"thank yo u,† receive a response that they were offended because it means they smell bad or need more grooming. The real meaning of the message wrapped in the niceness of the gift is taken as a negative hint for the correction of their errors. Even if that was never the message the sender wants to give, the distorted interpretation creates a negative impact upon the relationship of the sender and receiver (Tannen 11-3). No further proof is needed for this pathology of communication problems shown in this scenario and other scenarios similar to this. There is evidence in almost every daily interaction people have with others, and usually, although unfortunately, the closer people are with each other, the greater chances there are for miscommunication (Tannen 21). The author’s intention is to explain the process of conversation, to which interpretation plays a great role. People should not read a single message in one specific context. Most communication process, particularly betwe en those who are closely related to each other, involves a lot more than mere words (Noller and Fitzpatrick 19). In interpreting the sender’s meaning, one should be familiar with all the other aspects of communication. This is the only solution for the issue of misinterpretation. The underlying message --- the meta-message --- has greater effect in communication, whether negative or positive (Tannen 7-8). In the third chapter of the book (67-93), Tannen explores meta-messages in several spoken lines people use, and the differences of these meta-messages in conversations between people in close relationships. Tannen states that the meta-messages in intimate relationships is different because of control continuum and connection continuum (Tannen 11). In the overall message of the third chapter, the solution for miscommunication is simply acknowledging that everything heard and said are potentially vague. The appropriate process in deciphering the message, therefore, is to disam biguate by looking at the core of the message. However, the issues in this process are that a speaker at times intentionally creates the meta-message, or unintentionally create the meta-message, or the receiver imagines a meta-message. This makes the interpretation of meaning a not so simple task, and unless one is able to read minds, the possibility of misunderstanding is big. Therefore, paying attention is important (Reich 153). Even to one who has not studied the art of communication, ideas regarding the surface meaning

Russo-Turkey Relations and the Middle East

Russo-Turkey Relations and the Middle East Abstract The relation which Turkey share with Russia in the recent decades has been an example of truly bonding nature. Over a prolonged friendly relation for more than two decades, Turkey’s relations with Russia exacerbated first when it shot Russian bomber jet over the Syrian border and secondly the unfortunate killing of Russian ambassador which happened in Ankara. These incidents surely put a question mark on the peaceful relations of Turkey with Russia. Whether what the reality be, Turkey is accused for stabbing Russia in the back. These sore tending acts initially resulted in various sanctions posed by Russia against Turkey. In this alarming situation where crises have overtaken most of; Europe, Middle Eastern region and Russia, this rivalry may caution many states in the coming world order. Preface The crisis in the Middle Eastern region has brought in its wake a perceptible shift in Russo-Turkey relations in the contemporary arena. At first, the downing of a Russian Su-24 bomber jet by Turkish F-16 fighter over the Syrian-Turkish border bewailed the President of Russia. The subsequent reaction of that incident provided a great index of the deterioration between both. Secondly, the assassination of the Russian ambassador Andrey Karlov in Turkey put a stamp on Turkey’s goodwill in the sights of Russia. Russia was once considered a bitter enemy of Turks. In the contemporary arena, several ingredients have refreshed the erstwhile tensions as witnessed in the Tsarist and Ottoman eras. With the passage of time, the interaction between them has been fluctuating in keeping with the geographic and leadership transformation. By far, Syrian crisis is the latest point of contradiction between them, representing diverging interests. This is becoming a test case for the two for demon strating their lost-power in the wake of contemporary transformations in the world order from unipolar to multipolar. The policies of both the states towards Syria run counter to each other. Russia has shared a strong economic partnership with Syria, fact being that it (Syria) has remained a major beneficiary of Russian weaponry while Turkish Prime Minister, in 2012 called on Bashar al Assad to step down as the President of Syria. No doubt, there are convergences and divergences between Russia and Turkey to project their policies with each other as well as other stakeholders of the region. This paper is intended to analyse the Russo-Turkey relations in the backdrop of their interests in the Middle East, following the significance, convergences and divergences of their relations which have given rise to their contemporary role in the arena. After the discussion on the matter, this paper has extracted the role of Pakistan and has suggested way forward for Pakistan’s foreign policy concerning the subject matter. Why Middle East matters the most to Russia and Turkey? The critical interests of Russia and Turkey both lies in the Middle East. However they do not tend to be the same. Under the umbrella of NATO, Turkey is exercising its policies as an independent state in the Middle Eastern crisis. Syria, Iraq and Iran being border stitched to Turkey are perceived to be under strong observations of Turkish policy makers. While Russia, not a NATO member has a different framework for the region, particularly its need for the Mediterranean Sea, weaponry market and trading of oil and gas is apparent. Mediterranean Sea links Russia with Eastern Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East and North Africa. So any situation of conflict, war or unease in these regions has impact on Russia’s political position. There are number of factors that are driving the Turkish policy in which Saudi Arab is a part. Turkey has made it clear that it wants the overthrow of Assad. This is the first time in its history that Turkey adopts a regime-change strategy. When the United States decided to counter ISIS with the help of possible regional alliance, Turkey refused to get actively involved unless the coalition were to target both ‘Assad’ and ISIS at the same time. It is clear that Ankara favours a war to the end of weakening all parts: Assad, ISIS, the Kurds and Iran. Yet it always preferred to rely on proxies and calls on NATO and the international community to intervene in Syria. It was because of this very tactic that Ankara allowed the Peshmerga (Iraqi Kurdish forces) to enter the Syrian town of Kobane through Turkey to help the Syrian Kurds in the battle against ISIS and this is again the reason why it decided to support the jihadists in Syria. While, Russia is seen more as to helping its friend Assad in the play as recently it condemned the United States’ air strike on Syria’s chemical launch pads. Syria is the only country in the region which has Russia’s base(s). Continuing its efforts to play a role and get hold of the oil, gas and other economic factors, Russia’s stance on Middle East policy is evident and strong in its intentions. Significance of Russia-Turkey relations Under the leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Russia and Turkey signed mutual agreements and MoUs for increasing both countries’ relations in terms of trade and cooperation.Turkey has remained one of Russia’s main trading partners. Both share huge amount of business in the sectors of energy, tourism and trade. The statistics show a viable flow of synergy between both. There is a proposed construction of a gas pipeline as well as the Akkuyu power plant, which may be affected after downing of a Russian jet by Turkey as a disputed incident. According to a Turkish academic, any damage to the infrastructure deals could be significant, because Turkey imports 55 percent of its natural gas from Russia and 30 percent of its oil. â€Å"Turkey has close strategic ties with Russia in terms of energy relationship with Russia, so it may be that the Turkish Stream project as well as the nuclear energy project – which is going to be constructed by the Russians could be affected, Professor Gurkan Kumbaroglu from Bogazici Universitys department of engineering, told CNBC. So it is apparent if any sort of clash of ideas occur in Russo-Turkey relations, Russia has its hands on the switch to constrain Turkey politically without involving any armed conflict. Similarly, Russia’s tourism department entertains much of Turkey’s tourism industry as 3.6 million Russians visited Turkey in the first nine months of 2013, according to the latest statistics of Russia’s Federal Tourism Agency. This definitely adds a lot to Turkish economy and proved Russia has the power to restrict its citizens to travel Turkey in the emergence of any dispute between the two countries. On the other hand, trade is the most primary sector which both countries has shared since few decades with tremendous outcomes. Turkish vegetable exports account for some 20 percent of vegetable exports to Russia. In 2014, according to Turkish foreign trade statistics, exports to Russia were worth $5.9 billion while imports from Russia were worth $25.2 billion. This scenario is more prone to absolute gains rather than relative gains because not only Turkey relies on Russian oil, gas and energy but Russia’s dependency on Turkish geostrategic location is a perfect example to say Turkey is also at gains. Convergences of Russia-Turkey relations Contemporary Russia did not take Turkey as an independent state and always restrained to be in connection with it until 2003 when surprisingly The Justice and Development Party of Turkey refused to allow American forces to use Turkish territory to invade Iraq. This proved to be a game changer for Russia’s perception towards Turkey. The relations furthered in a positive way leaving the footprints of Cold War era outside the door when Turkey, as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was considered a frontline state in the divide between the communist bloc and the western bloc. Surprisingly, given the unrest in the North Caucasus and the Balkans on which issue the policies of Ankara and Moscow clashed, these relations changed. The tangible convergences between the duos can be elaborated as under: Turkey’s need of oil and gas is one of the major convergence in the Russo-Turkey relations. The economic interests of both countries meet but there are points of divergence in various strategic plans to extend oil and gas pipelines between countries of the Central Asia, and the Middle East on the one hand and the European market on the other.   So, they need to act rationally towards each other to organize their interests. Russia’s dependency on Turkey is also apparent because Turkey might remain Russia’s necessary gateway to the Mediterranean, just as the Ottoman Empire was in the past. Nonetheless, there has been efforts to institutionalize relations between the two countries which, in the form of Turkish-Russian Cooperation Council in April and May 2010 got established. Since then the two leaders of the country have met annually. It has put a lot of impact on the international image of bilateral relations of Russia and Turkey because leaders from both sides warmly welcomed each other since then. Divergences, clashes and disputes There have been large number of conflicts ever since the Tsarist Russia and Ottoman Empire since 1560s. The Russian side won more battles than Turkey which clearly indicates the significance of geographic disposition of Russia. However, Crimean War led Russia lose due to possible stronger alliance of Ottomans with British, French and Italian forces. While in the contemporary world, Turkey’s neighbourhood has been in a turmoil, mainly Middle Eastern countries, which has directly influenced Turkey’s dealings with Europe and Russia. Today, the changed relationship between Turkey and Russia has been affected by strategic considerations and political interests relating to the current reality in the Middle East. Especially the crisis in Syria has moved both Turkey and Russia oppositely in terms of national interests. The two countries are not on the same pitch regarding the crisis. Turkey has clearly taken steps to remove the regime of Assad whereas Russia regards Assad’s ongoing leadership as a necessary condition to cope with the turmoil in the collapsed state. Preservation of its own strategic interests in the Middle East, Russia is sensitive in providing support to Assad. The conflict of interests between Turkey and Syria includes border issues, questions pertaining to water and riparian rights, religious outlook, political-military orientation, drug-trafficking, smuggling, terrorism (Kurdish insurgency), and espionage etc. Analysis Syrian crisis and all the history of Russo-Turkey relations aside, today, it is thought that Turkey has created a trust deficit in relation to its bilateral relations with Russia. On the other hand Russia is also thought to have taken Turkish early warnings serious. However, there was not a serious threat to Turkey from Russia. Perhaps, Turkey could have considered many points of conflict before downing a Russian jet which was merely on its airspace (according to Russian narrative of the incident) at Turkey-Syria border. Russia in no time retaliated and adopted a political approach launching serious sanctions against Turkey. The trauma was not much concerning the policies of Turkey or Russia towards Syrian crisis but shooting down a Russian jet paved a way of thinking for the Russians to analyse Turkey’s intentions and goals for the coming days. Subsequently Russia accused Turkey of being in business with the Islamic State of Syria. Similar reactions are observed from Turkish side as well. The war of words between the leaders of both countries have definitely evoked state of unease and unrest to their bilateral relations. The conflict however is not seen as beneficial for any side at all. Russia, despite of its potential projects in Turkey, has unilaterally signed sanctions against it. However there are no signs of waging a war by any of them against each other. In recent decades, Russia and Turkey have shared friendly and cooperative relations sharing economic, trade, military and projects related to energy sector. Both have respected each other’s view in the international decision-making process. The issue is not only limited to the interests of both the countries, but then again there are risk factors which are giving shape to their policies. Turkey is not land locked, but still it’s a jigsaw which connects whole Asia with the Europe. This puts a lot of responsibility for any leader of the Turkey to stand head to head against any turmoil which may disrupt country’s repute in the international arena. While Russia, despite being connected with many states, has to depend on the market of Middle East, European countries and specifically Turkey to constitute its trade, military, economic and foreign policy for survival as a state. It is clear that international relations are uncertain and unpredictable, both are crucially unparalleled to each other and the lack of trust between them is now a bone of contention. However, with the passage of time, relations may grip instead of losing its charm because Russia may digest what happened, or Turkey, which is not apparent at all, might apologize for its act of downing a Russian jet. Because, in an emerging world order into multi polarity, the interests of others may urge Russia and Turkey to rethink of their relations in a positive manner. Foreign policy guidelines for Pakistan in case of Russia-Turkey conflict The conflict of ideas between Russian and Turkish relations hasn’t directly influenced Pakistan to take any action of concern. However Pakistan does share points of convergences with both in terms of trade, educational exchange programs and tourist activities. In a nutshell, Pakistan and Turkey define each other as ‘sister countries’, and the friendly relations of both as a Muslim state is the apex of their strong bonds. On the other hand, while not overriding its relations with India, Russia has shown great interest to re-establish its bilateral relations with Pakistan. This can succeed the idea for Pakistan to maintain a balanced foreign policy towards Turkey and Russia in this matter. Yet again the ill-timed row between Russia and Turkey has subjugating power to keep Pakistan a neutral observer. At this point in time, Pakistan as a member of global community, having its national interests in Turkey, Russia and other Middle Eastern countries, has a shared responsibility to play positive role for the betterment of relations between them. In a limited context, Pakistan may adopt a policy of deescalating the tensions between both and suggest measures of cooperation and coordination to tackle the situation. Not to forget, Yemen crisis affected thousands of Pakistani citizens and resulted in their departure from Yemen. This puts Pakistan in a situation to tactfully regulate its obligation to work for the betterment of its own citizens while maintaining sustainable relations with other countries. Pakistan can beget neutralizing role to the hard lined tensions between Turkey and Russia and may need to facilitate both for the emergence of pleasant and reputed ties. Readings http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=6978#top-content http://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/karabakh/1616142.html http://www.huffingtonpost.com/aylin-unver-noi/turkey-and-russia-days-of_b_8695800.html http://tass.ru/en/economy/764152 http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/positionpapers/2013/05/20135795421533494.htm http://www.rubincenter.org/2012/04/russo-turkish-divergence-part-i-the-security-dimension/ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34971902 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/24/world/middleeast/russia-turkey-jet-shoot-down-maps.html http://www.azernews.az/analysis/90476.html http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Oct-09/318233-turkey-warns-russia-energy-ties-at-stake.ashx http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/The-confrontation-between-Turkey-and-Russia-Lessons-for-Israel-436236 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-turkey-nato-idUSKBN0TJ14F20151130?utm_source=Facebook http://tribune.com.pk/story/1001173/turkey-will-not-apologise-for-downing-russian-fighter-jet-pm/ http://tribune.com.pk/story/1000436/russia-announces-economic-sanctions-against-turkey-over-jet-downing/ https://www.rt.com/op-edge/323430-russian-plane-down-turkey-us-nato/ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/turkey-russia-tensions_5655c9dbe4b08e945fea945b http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/latest-russian-pilot-says-no-warnings-turkey http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/77659-turkey-would-have-acted-differently-if-it-had-known-jet-was-russian-erdogan https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/10/09/how-the-rivalry-between-russians-and-turks-shaped-the-world/ http://www.sigmalive.com/en/blog/zenonas.tziarras/2015/06/963/turkey-and-saudi-in-syria-aligned-interests-clashing-revisionisms http://tribune.com.pk/story/860335/every-effort-being-made-for-evacuation-of-pakistanis-from-yemen-fo/ http://www.dailysabah.com/diplomacy/2015/05/17/pakistan-and-turkey-are-two-leading-countries-in-the-islamic-world

Utopia in Gulliver Travels and Paradise Lost Essay -- comparison compa

The Inconceivable Utopia in Gulliver Travels and Paradise Lost  Ã‚      In Jonathon Swift's Gulliver Travels and in John Milton's Paradise Lost, the reader is presented with two lands representing utopias. For Swift this land is an island inhabited by horse like creatures called Houyhnhnms who rule over man like beasts called Yahoos. For Milton, the Garden of Eden before the Fall of man represents Paradise. In it, Adam and Eve are pure and innocent, untested and faithful to God. The American Heritage Dictionary defines utopia as "an ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, and moral aspects." And while Houyhnhnm Land and the Garden of Eden may seem like ideally perfect places, they are not. Indeed, they contradict our ideas of utopia.    Our fascination with utopias stems from our attraction to and pursuit of progress within our own society. We study utopias with the hope that our society will someday evolve into one. But what often goes unnoticed is that if our society improves enough to become utopian, it won't be able to improve any longer. Hence, it will be rigid and unchanging, the complete opposite of what it was as it evolved to its elevated state. This is an awful truth for us because we place value and virtue in the ideas of desire and progress. Our reason tells us: once in an ideal land, desire cannot simply cease to be, because desire is part of our human nature. And our reason is right. An ideal society should accentuate our human nature, not suppress it. As we desire a perfect society we know that a perfect could not exist without our desire. And as long as we desire, we hope for progress. The idea that an utopia wouldn't allow such progress to occur is enough to make us stop believing in utop... ...ames Holly. "Milton and the Art of War." John Milton, Poet and Humanist: essays by James Holly Hanford. Cleveland: Press of Western Reserve U, 1966. 185-223. Lock, F. P. The Politics of Gulliver's Travels. Oxford, Great Britain: Oxford University Press, 1980. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Ed. Roy Flannagan. New York: Macmillan, 1993. Patrides, C.A. Milton and The Christian Tradition. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966) Revard, Stella Purce. The War in Heaven. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1980. Rodino, Richard H. "The Study of Gulliver's Travels, Past and Present." Critical Approaches to Teaching Swift. New York: AMS Press, 1992. Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver's Travels. Mahwah, NJ: Watermill Press, 1983. Tuveson, Ernest. (Ed.) Paradise Lost: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964.

Deadly Unna Film Essay

Australian Rules A comparative review by Anita Jetnikoff (QUT) for Australian Screen Education. Published as: Jetnikoff, Anita (2003) Australian Rules: a comparative review. Australian Screen Education(30):36-38. The title may mislead some viewers, as this is not a film about a football code, anymore than Bend it with Beckham is about soccer. This powerful, brave and rather brutal feature is the debut of Paul Goldman, who co-wrote the screenplay with the novelist Phillip Gwynne. Both the storylines and characters from Gwynne’s awardwinning novel Deadly Unna? nd its sequel Nukkin Ya, have been combined in the film, which was commissioned by South Australian Film Corporation for the Adelaide Festival of Arts 2002, and caused a furore with the local Aboriginal community. The film was screened after much deliberation over the objections against depictions of a character resembling a member of the Penninsular community. This certainly suggests collaboration with Indigenous communities could have been sought at earlier stages of the project. In my reading of the film, however, it is the white community who emerge the more brutal, bigoted and shameful. The Aboriginal community, on the other hand, represent solidarity, and sharing. The film was released and promoted by Palace, with the slogan ‘live by the rules play by the rules’. There is, however, an almost apartheid divide between the black [Nunga) and white [Goonya) communities in this film and the central character’s personal navigating between the two, means he must break unwritten rules. The film is based on aspects of two novels, the partly autobiographical novel Deadly Unna, and its sequel, Nukkin Ya, Nunga expressions for ‘Great hey’ and ‘See you later’. Both novels were easy to read and full of humour in spite of the serious subject matter of racism, interracial relationships, adolescent angst, death and revenge. The novels belong to the adolescent problem or coming-of-age genre and are being studied in secondary schools. The film has little of the novels’ lightness and the narrator’s ability to laugh at himself and his community’s foibles. This sometimes disturbing film’s tone is brutal, the landscape stark, sordid and in decay. Most of the characters occupying the saline, arid coastal town are nasty. The adult men are barflies, maggot breeders, fornicators and losers and the women are victims or sluts. This hopeless adult world offers nothing for the young in this fishing town. Viewers are invited to identify with the young, for whom hope lies in escape. The central figure of Blacky (Nathan Phillips), is an intelligent 14 year old caught between the literary world of his imagination and the literal world of his small towns’ bigotry. His mother, who encourages him to play football and to do well at school, is a battler, a victim of his father’s brutality. The dilapidated house the Black family occupy oozes poverty and neglect. These are white fringe dwellers. In the novel Blacky refers to what kind of chops the family will consume as indicative of the ‘pov metre’. They shop at the local op shop. Like many small rural Australian towns, this coastal community struggles to survive. The black and white communities in the region are divided, separated physically by a stretch of coastline, whites at the port and blacks at the point. Even the local pub segregates the Aboriginal drinkers from the white ones. The irony is that the local football team is only viable when the Aboriginal boys come over from the point to play. The sporting fixture allows the communities to merge, but the union stops there. Blacky crosses the racial divide to befriend Dumby Red (Luke Carroll) a talented Aboriginal Australian Rules Player from the Point and to romance Dumby’s sister Clarence (Lisa Flanagan). Whereas book built up the friendship through Blacky’s doubt and hesitation about Dumby, this is not dealt with in the film. The film opens with the two characters already mates, sitting together in the dilapidated shed of the red dirt football field, commiserating over the ineffectiveness of their coach, Arks (Kevin Harrington). Dumby’s spectacular football prowess has been spotted by a city talent scout, which sets up the need for him to win best Player in the final against a much stronger team. A contract to a city football team would mean a possible escape from the bigotry and emptiness of the Penninsular—his chance to be a sporting success. Blacky finds himself an unwitting hero and awarded best team man for winning the premiership game. He unwittingly collides with the toughest star player on the opposing team and is knocked unconscious, along with his gigantic opponent. The shooting sequences of the match were not especially riveting, but this was in keeping with the importance of the game to the story. The film is not about winning or losing, but the personal integrity of the play or the journey in the ongoing process of discovering identity. The medal for ‘Best on the Ground’, rightly belonged to Dumby Red. His ticket out of the hopeless community, however, was denied to him, because rather than kicking a sure goal, he had passed a ball to a cousin who had not handled the ball all day. The cultural code of sharing was stronger than the competitive need to win. In the film, the loss of the award to the coach’s son paves the way for Dumby’s tragic demise. He joins Pretty (Tony Briggs) in an armed robbery of the pub, perhaps to extract an alternative prize to the one he’d been denied. The publican, Mac, laid out in a drunken stupor on the pool table, is beaten even more senseless by Pretty. The noise rouses Blacky’s father (Simon Westaway) who shoots and kills his son’s friend Dumby Red in revenge for the publican’s beating. In the novel the publican was the murderer, but the film’s central villain is Blacky’s father, Bob, who represents fear, loathing and menace. His violent rages left his own family in fear of him. In one memorable scene they escape his menacing torment of their mother behind closed doors by escaping through the window and sleeping in the chicken coop. The feeling is that this experience was not new to them. Blacky is torn in the novel between his initial attraction to Clarence in Deadly Unna, which he conceals from his white ‘friends’ in order to attract the attention of a rich white ‘camper’ girl. In the sequel this relationship between Blacky and Clarence and Blacky and his father represent two kinds of coming of age. His masculinity is tested early on in a storm at sea and later when he was caught in the shed stealing paint to cover a racist slogan in the local boatshed. His intelligence means little to his father, and his good grades and scholarship to Kings College in Adelaide are ignored. In the sequel Nukkin Ya, the filial relationship seems almost mended when his father takes on the renovation of a ‘windjammer’ to bring potential tourism to the town. His father’s project becomes obsessive at the expense of putting food on the family’s table, but the male relationship seems to be temporarily repaired along with the boat, which becomes symbolic of rebuilding strength, unity and hope around the fantasy of the future. In the novels we experience Blacky’s angst at discovering his father’s infidelity to his mother. Blacky and his friend Pickles, stumble upon their adulterous fathers visiting the Aboriginal women at the point. The irony of this is that the entire community seemed set gainst the burgeoning love relationship between Blacky and Dumby’s sister Clarence. The fact that the cross-race relationship of the father is not dealt with in the film makes his violent reaction to finding Clarence innocently sleeping alongside Blacky in his bedroom connected more with his hatred of Aboriginal people, than it is to do with his guilt over murdering Dumby Red. It is a response reduced to racism alone, rather than his own guilt and hypocrisy, which in the novels is built up subtly through the two volumes. The antagonist in the second novel, having moved away from the father, is embodied by the figure of Lovely (Pretty, in the film) who menaces Blacky over his relationship with Clarence. Lovely sports a hate tattoo on his fingers and is a violent instigator in both book and film. The disclosure of the white men’s infidelity at the expense of the black women, who remain nameless and faceless, leads to the climax of the second novel. The boat is set alight, which symbolizes the death of the relationships between Blacky and his father and his community. Lovely is framed, Blacky absolves Lovely in court by taking the blame, but Pickles (Tom Budge ) was the real arsonist. This false confession, leads to Blacky becoming a cipher in his own town, where boats and the sea are peoples workplaces. He becomes a ‘boat burner’ in the cultural imaginary and is forced to leave. In the film this purging is less powerful and seems to emerge from some kind of corporate malice rather than revenge. Pickles manically sets alight rival maggot breeder Darcy’s breeding drums, which has less symbolic poignancy than the boat burning in the novel. Blacky’s central challenge in the film is to reaffirm his masculinity by standing up to his father, through the relationship with Clarence. Blacky is constructed by his father as a ‘gutless wonder. ’ Blacky’s painful journey to manhood, is much harsher in the film than the book. In the novel the father is a violent adulterer, but in the film, he kills Blacky’s best friend. Blacky’s attendance at Dumby’s funeral represents a betrayal of familial solidarity in the eyes of the father. The relationship was not strong enough however, for Blacky to take his father’s side. At this point, Blacky abdicates from identifying with his father. He has begun to flee the emasculated self constructed by his father, towards a more potent, sexual self, embodied by his attraction and identification with the other through the literal ‘body’ of Dumby and the physical, sexual body of Clarence. What is morally worrisome is that the father, who both Blacky and the viewer see as a murderer, continues to live in the community with impugnity, the ‘common sense’ gap we fill is that he claims he shot Dumby in selfdefense. Blacky courageously resists his father’s imperative to stay away from the funeral. In the film’s powerful and moving climax, the battered, but united family in the background witnesses the final stand off between father and son. Blacky literally stands up to his father, not by competing in battle of fists, but resisting by sheer will and strength of character. The father leaves in a vicious rage and we can’t help feeling that the family will be better off with him gone. The second novel Nukkin Ya begins with hope of Blacky taking a scholarship at Kings in Adelaide. His girlfriend Clarence achieves a scholarship to art school and Blacky has a reason to follow her. The film ends with the two young lovers romantically swimming in the clear waters, symbolically cleansing themselves of the grime and grease of prejudice, which had tainted their relationship until that point. The film treats the romance in a much lighter way than the books. There is no stand off between the characters; in fact Clarence becomes Blacky’s bridge between the two cultures. In the film it is Clarence who stands up to Bob Black in Blacky’s bedroom with dignity and silent resistance. Lisa Flanagan’s performance was elegant and dignified. It was Clarence who gently cut through the wall of hostility from the Nunga boys at her brother’s funeral- allowing Blacky to mourn his friend’s death. It was Clarence who understood Blacky’s poetic allusions to dying stars- these two are cosmically connected and there is an almost Shakespearean sense of their fate. The love scenes provide the film’s only softness and the resolution, although moving, is not sentimental. The young people must leave the still-divided community, to survive together.